Learning Objectives
Classify biological agents into CDC Categories A, B, and C based on threat level
Identify clinical presentations of Category A biological agents
Describe transmission routes and infection control requirements for each agent
Explain treatment protocols and nursing interventions for biological agent exposure
Differentiate between agents based on pathognomonic clinical features
CDC Classification System
The CDC classifies potential biological threat agents into three categories based on their danger, ease of dissemination, and public health impact.
Highest Priority
Mass casualties
- Anthrax
- Smallpox
- Plague
- Botulism
- Tularemia
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
Second Priority
Moderate morbidity
- Brucellosis
- Q Fever
- Ricin toxin
- Typhus fever
- Viral encephalitis
- Food/water threats
Emerging Threats
Future potential
- Nipah virus
- Hantavirus
- SARS/novel coronaviruses
- Emerging infectious diseases
- Engineered pathogens
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium
Decades in soil
NOT transmitted
Standard Precautions
Video: Understanding Anthrax
Clinical Forms of Anthrax
| Form | Route | Presentation | Mortality |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inhalational | Inhaled spores | Flu-like symptoms → severe respiratory distress, widened mediastinum | Up to 95% |
| Cutaneous | Skin contact | Painless papule → vesicle → BLACK ESCHAR | <1% with treatment |
| Gastrointestinal | Ingestion | Nausea, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, ascites | 25-60% |
CLINICAL PEARL - Pathognomonic Finding
Widened mediastinum on chest X-ray is the hallmark finding of inhalational anthrax. This finding in a previously healthy patient with flu-like symptoms should immediately raise suspicion.
Treatment
Antibiotics (60 days)
- • Ciprofloxacin (first-line)
- • Doxycycline (alternative)
Antitoxins (severe cases)
- • Raxibacumab
- • Obiltoxaximab
Smallpox (Variola major)
HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS - AIRBORNE + CONTACT PRECAUTIONS
Mortality: 30% in unvaccinated populations | Eradicated 1980, lab stocks remain
Smallpox vs. Chickenpox - Critical Differentiation
| Feature | Smallpox | Chickenpox |
|---|---|---|
| Distribution | CENTRIFUGAL (face, extremities) | Centripetal (trunk) |
| Lesion Stage | All lesions SAME stage | Multiple stages simultaneously |
| Palm/Sole Involvement | Commonly involved | Rarely involved |
| Fever Timing | BEFORE rash (prodrome) | With rash onset |
| Lesion Depth | Deep, firm lesions | Superficial |
| Patient Condition | Very ill (toxic) | Usually mild illness |
Required Precautions
- Negative pressure room
- N95 respirator (minimum)
- Gown and gloves
- Eye protection
- Limit patient movement
- Restrict visitors
Plague (Yersinia pestis)
Gram-negative bacterium
Fleas (rodent reservoir)
Aerosolized → Pneumonic
YES (pneumonic only)
Bubonic
Painful lymph nodes (buboes), fever, headache
NOT person-to-personSepticemic
Septic shock, DIC, gangrene of extremities
NOT person-to-personPneumonic
Severe pneumonia, hemoptysis, rapid progression
HIGHLY CONTAGIOUSINFECTION CONTROL ALERT
- • Pneumonic plague requires DROPLET PRECAUTIONS (surgical mask within 6 feet)
- • Treatment must begin within 24 hours of symptoms
- • Streptomycin or Gentamicin preferred; Doxycycline alternative
- • Post-exposure prophylaxis required for close contacts
Botulism (Clostridium botulinum toxin)
Neurotoxin (most potent known)
Blocks acetylcholine release
Flaccid paralysis
NOT transmitted
Classic Presentation
Descending, symmetric flaccid paralysis with cranial nerve involvement. Patient is ALERT with clear sensorium (unlike stroke).
CLINICAL PEARL - Key Differentiator
Alert patient with descending paralysis = Think botulism
Antidote: Botulinum antitoxin (obtained from CDC). Mechanical ventilation often required.
Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
One of the most infectious bacteria known—as few as 10 organisms can cause disease via inhalation.
| Form | Presentation | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Pneumonic | Fever, cough, chest pain, respiratory distress | Bioterrorism route |
| Ulceroglandular | Painful ulcer at inoculation site + lymphadenopathy | Most common natural form |
| Typhoidal | High fever, no localizing signs | Systemic infection |
Treatment
Streptomycin or Gentamicin (preferred); Doxycycline or Ciprofloxacin (alternatives)
Standard Precautions adequate—not transmitted person-to-person
Quick Reference Chart
| Agent | Key Finding | Person-to-Person | PPE |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anthrax | Widened mediastinum | NO | Standard |
| Smallpox | Centrifugal rash, same stage | YES | Airborne + Contact |
| Plague (pneumonic) | Hemoptysis, rapid pneumonia | YES | Droplet |
| Botulism | Descending paralysis, alert patient | NO | Standard |
| Tularemia | Ulcer + lymphadenopathy | NO | Standard |
| VHFs | Bleeding, shock | YES (contact) | Enhanced barrier |
Key Takeaways
Category A agents pose highest risk due to ease of dissemination and high mortality
Smallpox and pneumonic plague require enhanced isolation precautions
Anthrax, botulism, and tularemia are NOT transmitted person-to-person
Recognize pathognomonic findings: widened mediastinum (anthrax), centrifugal rash (smallpox)